Racial profiling, no matter what the criticisms against it may be, can and has shown to be an effective tool in law enforcement. While it may not be an accurate generalization, it has been used to increase the odds of a successful intervention of crime.
Let's look at a few examples.
1. Profiling at mass transit stations. (i.e. airports, bus, and train depots)
We have all seen that specific races and religions have been targeted for increased search. This is simply because we don't see asian Buddhists blowing up airplanes or attempting to derail a passenger train. The obvious inference would be that the odds of netting a convict by observing them with greater scrutiny are drastically lower than scrutinizing someone of middle eastern descent.
Therefor the most effective application of the odds in these scenarios as pertaining to utilization of search and the effective application of law enforcement manpower would show that your time is best spent scrutinizing those groups with a higher propensity toward illegal action.
2. Illegal immigration.
This one has raised a lot of questions and outcry recently, especially here in my home state of Arizona. However let's take into account that in Phoenix, as of the 2008 update of the 2000 census, there are an estimated 4,281,899 here in my city, Phoenix, and another 541,811 in Tuscon.
Now at the last estimate by INS there are believed to be at any one time in excess of 500,000 illegal latino immigrants in Arizona, with the majority of them between Phoenix and Tuscon. So with a combined total of just over 5 million residents in those two cities, and the statistic of the number of illegal immigrants it's a fair bet that you won't find them unless you pay close attention to the latino members of these cities.
Here are some quick facts.(US Census Bureau)
Percentage of hispanic population in Arizona: 30.1%
Total residents of Arizona: 6,595,778
Hispanic population of Arizona: 1,985,329
According to the GAO, there is an estimate of over 500,000 illegal immigrants in AZ, of latino descent.
So with over 500,000 of our latino residents here illegally, and under 2 million total latino residents in our state, we can see that nearly 1 in 4 latino residents of our state are here illegally.
Also, a study by the Center for Immigration Studies released a report in 2007 showing that there are roughly 11 million illegal immigrants in the US, and of those 57% are from Mexico, 24% from other Latin nations, 9% from Asia, 6% from Europe, and 4% from the rest of the world.
Statistically speaking if you are trying to crack down on immigration your greatest odds are to profile those of Hispanic or Latino descent. Just like if you are looking for terrorists, your greatest odds are to profile those of Middle Eastern descent.
Now don't get me wrong, I am fully aware that profiling has been taken out of context and utilized to support racist ideas in some cases, but the intention behind profiling is to provide the most effective use of law enforcement man power by specifically monitoring those groups who are statistically more likely to be involved in the crime you are focused on halting. And as much as some may not like it, racial profiling is an extremely effective tool in this regard.