*sighs* Please give us a source on this.
I was overzealous to post this ASAP. Source
Say a person has a frontal lobe lobotomy. Has their soul somehow changed?
Or some type of injury involving the brain? What happened to their previous soul?
Well, the soul in unchanged by this, but its ability to interact with the world changes dramatically. You might have heard of research about people whose brain was split in half by the colossal comissure influence (sometimes temporary) which develop "double personality". I expect their soul to not be split, but be connected (by any means) to both parts of the brain and both personalities, but be severely impaired in the ability of acting as a whole. This also includes the case where one personality identifies him as a believer, and the other as atheist. So, only the ability of one's soul interacting with the body is harmed by this.
Why did God say so?
You can't perceive this. I can't too.
Does the soul comprise the mind across time? But people can change their mind for the better or worse.
If sins are damages against the soul, then why do we necessarily "inherit" the sins that we had in the past in the next second and in the next second? Our minds are constantly changing.
Souls also change somehow, however they are fully grown right at the time of the fetus forming, in terms of their spiritual abilities. I think that souls cannot repair themselves, but this is why they are also immortal, that's why you "inherit sins from past second to present and the next second". God can heal the soul of those injuries, of course, He just wants us to accept Him as our God.
Which animals have souls?
Answer unknown. Your speculation is nice, however.
In the case of the robot sharing your soul, if that robot commits a sin are you held responsible for that sin?
You know what, false -> anything is a casuistic speculation. You create the robot capable of high intelligence first, and we'll see if it will have a soul. I'm not strong in casuistics, I must confess, but I know that binary logic is beaten by casuistics, because of the logical "false -> X" is true for any X. Thus, a casuistic can produce any outcome of any "what if" statement, and just shrug any logical arguments off. I'm not into this.
What if we clone someone? Does that clone have it's own soul or are you sharing a soul?
I expect God will give him a soul, but will be greatly displeased at us for this. The same is true about IVF'd children.