Similar to a black and white photograph, the world around us appears to us as shades from black to light gray.
If you can have "less" sight, then why can't you have more? What would happen also if humans had a greater degree of vision / other senses? What if we had a different sense altogether?
Looking at it from an evolutionary sense, to have more or less vision would depend on how vision affected the chance of survival. Say humans were like eagles, constantly hunting prey that we had to spot from hundreds of feet away. We would have a greater sense of sight, and most likely we would not need other senses, such as smell, quite as much. Say we lived deep in caves and could not rely on our vision. There would be less selection towards better vision.
how would this affect the things we build? More importantly, would our idea of what's beautiful change?
Our perception of beauty depends entirely on our senses and our interpretation of our senses (how our brain analyzes the external stimuli). No doubt, this would definitely change our ideas of beauty, and, in turn, those aspects of beauty which we apply to architecture.
Perhaps we would not have books, but more of a Braille-type language: one that relied on other senses.
I have a question - is our perception of color affected only, or also our perception of texture, depth perception and ability to focus, etc?
Would be paint our structures to have them look different shades of gray? Would we be visually stimulated by such a narrow range of color? For that matter, would we even have paint at all?
What differentiates sight for most people over other senses for us? It is the most useful sense for us, because the majority of our actions require it in some way. There is a reason, for example, that when the "fight or flight" response is triggered, our eyes dilate.
But the fact that these people do not have a highly developed sense of sight compared to us implies that they do not use it as often as we do (do not confuse this statement with Lamarckian evolution - it's because we use our eyes so often that we have selection towards better eyesight).
What would be a form of painting (a visually stimulating art) with, for example, our sense of smell - one that you can truly call an art? We do not have one that is very prominent in our culture, and I have never heard of any in any culture.
Our perception of art would change drastically - we would gravitate towards arts that stimulated those senses which were most sensitive for us, so we would still use the eyes, but, depending on the degree of colorblindness, we would not enjoy arts that require our eyes, but rather, our other senses.